16.+Urban+Society+in+the+Late+Nineteenth+Century

Danielle Aguinaldo = Urban Society in the Late 19 th Century   = (Chapter 18: The Age of the City pg. 489)

=a) Urbanization and the Lure of the City =

The city offered:
 * conveniences
 * entertainments
 * cultural experiences
 * private social space
 * opportunity (specifically to women where they were able to act in a manner which in their small community would be considered "propriety.")
 * sexual experimentation and the freedom of building a culture for gays & lesbians
 * improved transportation made travel easier
 * **better paying jobs**

=b) City Problems and Machine Politics =

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">As more people immigrate into the urban city, it gets more crowded. When it gets more crowded, living conditions become unhealthy and unsanitary. Things like //poverty, crime,// & //violence// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 21px;">tend to occur more. Tenements, which were places that were very affordable places to live, were the most unhealthy places. Yet the majority of the immigrants lived there regardless because they could not afford any other places.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 21px;">Crime, fire, diseases, indigence, and pollution all strained the capacities of metropolitan institutions.The government’s and private institutions were ill equipped for a response.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 21px;">It was a problem for transportation because the streets were often too narrow for heavy traffic
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 21px;">Environmentally degradation -- great fires, dangers of diseases and plagues, fecal maters seeping to the ground water (where they get drinking water), and pollution of lakes and rivers occurred
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 21px;">Number of people = people would not be able to earn enough for decent subsistence
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; line-height: 21px;">High crime rates
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Different ethnic groups were integrating, and this enormous diversity in the nation often caused formation of hostile groups and significant tensions. Nativism was occurring
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;">Husing, transportation ,sewers, social services, governments lagged because cities grew too rapidly

=<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 140%;">c) Intellectual and Cultural Movements and Popular Entertainment =


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Public parks
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Museums
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Theaters
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Opera houses
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Monumental railroad stations
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Imposing libraries
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Great boulevards